Typical materials: KTP, KD*P, LiNbO3, LiTaO3.
![[phone icon]](icons/phone.gif){kind=icon}
The bandwidth for local calls is much larger than for longer-distance calls. Thus, there's little point to a 19.2 modem unless you're dialing up a nearby computer. Make that a 33K modem. No wait, better 56K, yeah. Oh, is DSL available in our area now?
It's probably not fruitful to examine the precise implications of either term. The reality is that the terminology and the research associated with it are usually based on certain approximations or ethnic assumptions. In many contexts, EO and ELL are really just neutral-sounding ways of saying non-Hispanic and Hispanic, or something like it. What ``Hispanic'' means is similarly approximate. You'd like to think that these approximations or stereotypes are recognized as such by researchers, but I have reasons to doubt it. One reason is that published research frequently fails to explain how the grouping was done, as if this were unproblematic. Another reason is personal experience. For example, a friend of mine was apparently awarded funding (for study in a graduate psychology program) at least partly on the basis of his self-description as Hispanic. When he showed up to start school and they discovered that he has white skin and speaks without a foreign accent, some on the faculty felt they had been deceived. They had apparently wanted and expected someone who looked and sounded ``Hispanic.'' They were certainly deceived -- by their own ignorance.
The alternative EEOE is very useful if you're trying to even up your line lengths with a nonproportional font.
That's excepted, not accepted!
Grivas later commanded the Greek Cypriot National Guard until he was recalled by the Greek government. In 1971 he secretly reentered Cyprus and created EOKA B to restart the struggle for unification. Grivas died in January 1974 and Makarios officially proscribed EOKA B in April. That Summer Makarios was ousted, and Turkish troops invaded and partitioned the island.
Back in 1994 or so, I met an incoming EE graduate student from Malawi (.mw), who was surprised I had heard of his Parameceum-shaped country. Under the generally benevolent dictatorship of Hastings Banda, that southern African country was politically nonaligned (in contrast with the most prominent members of the Nonaligned movement, which were aligned against the West). Malawi also happened, unusually for the region, to achieve national self-sufficiency in food. Eventually you're going to wonder -- why am I telling you this at the EP entry? Go ahead, wonder. Once the soccer team of this tiny nation beat the Egyptian national team, sending Egyptians to their atlases in droves, at least in the imagination of Malawians.
Malawi's neighbors were all, sooner or later, Soviet clients in the Cold War. They received advisors, and various kinds of aid and advanced technological equipment. Many southern Africans, particularly those who received scholarships to Russian universities, must have learned Russian. At the college in Malawi attended by the EE student mentioned above, it happened in the early 1990's that there was a need to get a translation of a Russian technical manual. They called around to cities in the various neighboring countries, but couldn't find anyone who claimed to know Russian.
They apparently have a ``Green PC'' program, and are pushing for a goal of less than 30 W power consumption for a computer in stand-by mode. I haven't tried to track this down.
Okay, okay: epenthesis is the insertion or the development of a letter within the body of a word. It typically refers to such letters arising between the components (bases and affixes) of a word. Examples include the Latin words monitor and monstrum. Both have the stem of the verb monere (`to warn') and a suffix. The first suffix, -tor, is a well-known agentive ending, here attached with an epenthetic -i-. The second suffix, with the sense of `accomplishing' or `with,' has as its simplest forms -ter, -tra, and -trum (in masc., fem., and neut., resp.), obviously following a first-second declension pattern. The epenthetic -s- was common following n, e, or i. (Demonstrate is derived from monstrum, the latter in the sense of `portent.')
Epenthesis also, less frequently, refers to insertions elsewhere than between the component morphemes of a word. Epenthesis in the dead (yes, dead) languages is noticeable primarily through spelling. In living languages, epenthesis may more often refer to sounds rather than letters. A good example of both of these points is athlete pronounced as ``athuhlete.''
Here are some examples of epenthetic consonants:
- Congolese, Togolese
I can't find another instance in English of an -ese adjective ending immediately preceded by an epenthetic l. All the most common -lese adjectives, as well as the less common I can find, are constructed from nouns or adjectives ending in l: Senegalese, Nepalese, Cinghalese/Sinhalese/Singhalese, Marshallese, Tyrolese (Tyrolean is much more common), Bengalese (Bengali is much more common), Angolese (Angolan is much more common), legalese, journalese, novelese, officialese. - Balinese, Faronese, Javanese,
NASAnese
Apart from these, -nese adjectives associated with peoples or regions are typically formed from nouns that end in n (Bhutanese, Cantonese, Ceylonese, Japanese, Milanese, Nipponese, Pekinese [Pekingese], Sudanese, Taiwanese) or by shortening of the source nouns to roots that end in n (Chinese and Indo-Chinese, Guyanese, Veronese, Viennese). Lebanese would count as a more extreme instance of the latter case. The construction of Faronese involves some shortening, of course (Faroe Islands), but I'm not sure if the lost e represents a change in pronunciation of the vowel. I suppose one might argue that Javanese is really constructed from the adjective Javan. If so, it would represent a different kind of exception, in not being constructed from a noun as is usual. - aileron
This is constructed in the French from aile (`wing') and the diminutive ending -on. - demonstrate, monster
The -s- was inserted in Latin; see epenthesis. - agiotage, egotism, egotist
The -t- comes from French, where its insertion seems to be modeled on pairs like ballot and ballotage (the t is silent in the first word but pronounced in the second). For an unusual instance that is somehow of German origin, see terrariatology.
The -s- in prosthesis, incidentally, is not an epenthetic consonant. The words prosthesis and prothesis, although they share some meanings, have different initial morphemes.
But this isn't just useful in Scrabble,® you know. Late in the nineteenth century, S. Nagai extracted an alkaloid (2-methylamino-1-phenylpropanol) from Ephedra vulgaris, naming it ephedrine in 1887. (The initial extraction yielded too little of the chemical for much analysis. Nowadays the preferred source is E. sinica.) Another common alkaloid in many Ephra species is pseudoephedrine.
The name ephedra of the plant source was coined on the basis of the Greek ephédra, `sitting upon,' from epí (`upon,' in various senses) + hédra (`seat, base'). [I think that's because it's a squat plant, but I'm not sure. It would be unpleasant to sit upon.]
Anyway, ephedrine is a stimulant that in some of its pharmacological action resembles adrenaline. The name of the hormone adrenaline comes from the fact that it was first extracted from adrenal glands. The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys (renes in Latin), hence the name. By a similar etymology, the adrenal glands were also called suprarenal glands, and adrenalin called suprarenin. In addition to these Latin constructions, there is a Greek one, from epí (`upon,' remember?) + nephrós (`kidney'), whence epinephrine.
In other words, epinephrine and ephedrine have similar action and similar names, but the name similarities are mostly accidental. The initial e's come from a common root epí, though this is almost arbitrary. The ``ph'' in ephedrine represents aspiration from the second word applied to the pi of the first (with the iota elided before the initial vowel of the second word), while the ``ph'' in epinephrine is from the Greek word for kidney. The ``ine'' is the only noncoincidental element: it indicates that the substances are alkaloids, and many pharmacologically active substances are alkaloids.
Actually, the chemical structures of ephedrine and epinephrine are somewhat similar as well. The epinephrine entry has my ASCII art for both the epinephrine and ephedrine molecules.
It's been suggested to me that the acronym should be EPIIA, and that in that case the acronym is misalphabetized. Maybe it should be, but contrariwise it isn't, so it's not. That's logic.
- Old short answer: tennis elbow.
- New short answer: cell-phone elbow.
- Long answer: Painful inflammation of the muscles and soft tissues around an epicondyle. You know what an epicondyle is, don't you? No? Then how do you expect to understand this definition?! An epicondyle is a projection on a bone above a condyle serving for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. I suppose now you'll want to know what a condyle is. It's a round bump on a bone where it forms a joint with another bone. It should have meant ``a knitted garment with a multicolored diamond pattern,'' but that was taken.
``EPICS uses Client/Server and Publish/Subscribe techniques to communicate between the various computers. Most servers (called Input/Output Controllers or IOCs) perform real-world I/O and local control tasks, and publish this information to clients using the Channel Access (CA) network protocol. CA is specially designed for the kind of high bandwidth, soft real-time networking applications that EPICS is used for, and is one reason why it can be used to build a control system comprising hundreds of computers.''
H---O O---H
\ /
\ /
C-----C
/ ___ \
/ / \ \
H---C ( ) C---H
\ \___/ /
\ /
C-----C O---H
/ \ /
/ \ /
H C H
/ \ /
/ \ /
H C
/ \
/ \
H---N H
|
|
CH
3
For comparison, here's ephedrine. The linked entry also goes into excessive detail (for your convenience, of course) on the etymologies of these similar names.
H H
\ /
\ /
C-----C
/ ___ \
/ / \ \
H---C ( ) C---H
\ \___/ /
\ /
C-----C O---H
/ \ /
/ \ /
H C H
/ \ /
/ \ /
H C
/ \
/ \
H---N CH
| 3
|
CH
3
Obviously, both of the molecules above are optically active. If you think I'm going to try to represent the stereoisometry, you must be doing drugs.
![[column]](images/column.gif){kind=small}
Note that eponymus is not the adjective eponymous but rather the Latinized version of the Greek noun epónym (which meant `eponym'). It seems to me that one encounters the adjective eponymous most often in connection with literature: an eponymous story is one named after one of its characters. This usage doesn't make clear whether the eponym is the source of the name or the thing named, so one can expect many people to get the relationship backwards.
An eponym is a name-giver; another kind of name-giver (or usually name-giving) is antonomasia. In antonomasia the name of an exemplar (positive, or negative, or neither) is given to similar entities. An eponym is given to one or many different entities that are usually not similar to the eponym but rather the creation or gift of the eponym.
- Saint Audrey (d. 679)
- Saint Etheldreda (Æthelthryth, if you can pronounce it).
Known more pronounceably as Saint Audrey. Her problems probably
began with the fact that her father was named Anna. When
you're king of East Anglia, I guess anything goes. [For sad
confirmation of this statement, see random nonsense in the
Stark Effect entry.]
The confused daughter, Ætheltherrrrrr ... Audrey, was married for three years but claimed the marriage was never consummated. That guy died. Probably of embarrassment. Then she married Ecgfrith [sic], and refused to consummate the marriage, but instead entered a double monastery founded by her aunt Æbbe. A double monastery is a place to which men and women can retreat to avoid each other together. This in itself is a bit like marrying and then joining a monastery.
I think maybe she was just afraid that with a name like Ecgfrith, her second husband, who became king of Northumbria, would continue for another generation the cycle of nomenclatural violence.
Eventually, she founded her own double monastery on the island of Ely and became abbess there. After she died the monastery held an annual ``Saint Audrey's Fair,'' where they sold low-quality lace neckties (please visit the completely irrelevant bowtie entry).
It was said that in her youth, Audrey had liked fancy necklaces. It was also said that it was her habit of wearing fancy necklaces that led to the throat tumor that killed her. This was in the days before modern medical diagnosis. This was also in the days before modern advertising. Then again, I don't know -- maybe there was an insinuation here that you should wear really cheap neckwear if you don't want to die of a throat tumor. Or maybe Audrey liked fancy neckwear because it hid an ugly tumor that eventually killed her. All this is lost to history. Maybe you probably think I'm making all this stuff up. Just the speculations.
This shlock lace they used to sell was called Saint Audrey's lace, or perhaps Saint Audrey lace (using the attributive noun rather than the possessive form), and became shortened in speech to 't Audrey lace. Eventually, 't Audrey was taken as a general modifier, becoming our word tawdry.
- Lázló J. Biro and Georg (György) Biro. I'm not sure why one brother's name is normally given in German.
- Invented the ball-point pen in 1938. Eponymous because in
Argentina (.ar) at least, one word for
ball-point pen (negligible further
information at this entry) is birome, presumably from
an old trademark.
- Thomas Bowdler
- Published The Family Shakespeare in 1818, containing
nothing ``unfit to be read by a gentleman in the company of
ladies.'' Verballhornung.
performed a similar service, if that's what you'd call it, for
German literature.
- Charles Cunningham Boycott (1832-1897)
- As reeve for property of Lord Erne in County Mayo,
he was one of the first targets (in 1880) of a project
that Charles Parnell originally called ``social ostracism.''
- Louis Braille (1809.01.04-1852)
- Blind from the age of three. He invented his raised-dots
system in 1829. Because French doesn't
use the letter w, the systematic progression of dot patterns
goes smoothly from u and v to x, and the w
has an unexpected pattern.
- James Thomas Brudenell, seventh earl of Cardigan (1797-1868)
- The British general who led the infamous Charge of the Light
Brigade in the Crimean war. They should have named some kind
of pointless, misguided bloodletting for him, but there's competition
for that, so he got a sweater.
- Caius Iulius Caesar
- Softened up the republican form of government of republic,
so that his successors became dictators in all but name, and
Caesar came to mean `emperor.' The word was borrowed by
German in close to its original pronunciation (Kaiser).
In the Russian etymon (Tsar), the /k/ sound of the ``c'' has
evolved into the /ts/ of earlier vulgar-Latin pronunciation.
- Bartolomeo Eustachi (1510-1574)
- Discoverer of the eustachian tube. Because the eustachian
tube is soft, it tends to function as a valve. It happens to
work as a one-way valve, releasing pressure in the middle ear
(since the air there has nowhere else to go, it expands into the
eustachian tube and opens it up. When pressure in the middle
ear is low, however, there is no complementary mechanism to
force open eustachian tube and pressurize the ear. As a result,
the ear drum (tympanum) bows inward and hurts. That's why
descent in aircraft can be much more painful than ascent. Use
![[dive flag]](images/dflag.gif)
the Valsalva or Frenzel maneuvers, described at
this diving page on barotrauma.
It has been suggested that news of this tube, first published in 1564, gave Shakespeare the idea of the poison-in-the-ear murder method in ``Hamlet'' (first performed no later than 1602).
- Gabriele Falloppio (1523-1562)
- He discovered the human oviduct, which conducts eggs from
the ovary to the uterus. He called it a tuba, meaning trumpet,
which correctly suggests the funnel shape of this extension from the
ovary (there are two, one for each ovary). However, the sense of the
word was misconstrued, and it came to be called the aquaeductus Fallopii and now
Fallopian tube. Fallopian tuba would be closer (and more
colorful). He often has the honor of being named in lower case.
He made a number of other contributions to anatomy, mostly human. (He did some lion dissections and disproved Aristotle's contention that lion bones have no marrow. Great: it took two millennia to get that far.)
- Joseph Ignace Guillotin (1738-1814)
- As a deputy in the Estates General, he proposed mechanized
decapitation to the Constituent Assembly in 1789. He promoted
it as fast and therefore humane. It was adopted in 1791, in
time for the bloodbath. It was fast and therefore efficient.
Similar equipment had been used previously in Scotland, Germany and
Italy, but nowhere so much.
Here's some more extensive information. There's an article here
on capital punishment, transcribed from the Catholic
Encyclopedia,
that contains some information on guillotines. [One might expect
this item, because it is transcribed from a text not on the
notoriously inaccurate internet, to be a bit more accurate. I
really can't judge for the guillotine data, but the comments on
capital punishment among Jews in this same article is somewhat
confused for being based only on texts canonical to Christians,
and ignoring the well-known legal material contained in the Talmud.]
(Note also that Biblical names are apparently in Douay
transliteration, which some may find unfamiliar. Not exactly a
surprise.)
The feminizing e was reportedly added, incidentally, to make it rhyme with machine. Is this supposed to mean that it would have been too flip to make it rhyme with machin (`gadget')? More likely both -ne's just helped the scansion. Since I haven't heard any of these songs, I couldn't say whether the added e on Guillotin just makes the in sound to rhyme, or whether, as the French do in many songs, they pronounce the final e as well.
- Arnold Henri Guyot (1807-1884)
- Swiss-born American geologist and geographer. A guyot
is a submarine mountain with a flat top -- an island manqué,
or a failed island.
- Joseph Aloysius Hansom (1803-1882)
- Invented the ``Patent Safety Cab'' in 1934. These came to
be called Hansom cabs or occasionally just hansoms.
He was also an architect.
- Yaakov ben Isaac
- As this patriarch's name evolved into Modern English, the initial
/j/ (``wye'') sound evolved into the English
``J.'' (For Jacob, son of Isaac.) In some other languages, however,
the initial sound did not undergo a shift, but the /k/ became vocalized
into /g/ or (the more glottal) /
![[gamma]](Gk/g.gif)
/.
Thus, we have the Spanish town name
Santiago (Saint Jacob) and
Shakespeare's Italian villain Iago.
Crossword puzzles often pretend that ``Iago,'' by metonymy, now means
villain. I pretend the same thing, allowing me to place entry here.
A common nickname for people named Santiago is Chago. Just a phonetic skip and a jump from Iago and Chago is Diego. This was deformed into Dago in English, a derogatory word for a Spaniard, Portuguese or Italian.
- Ancel Benjamin Keys
- K rations named after him.
(Yeah, it's a marginal case of eponymy.)
- Mikhael Timofievitch Kalashnikov (b. 1919)
- The gun is officially called the
AK-47. Both his late wife and his gun were named Kalashnikova.
It was his baby -- I don't know why they didn't call it Kalashnikovna.
- John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836)
- Pioneered improvements in road construction. Remade British
roads using crushed stone bound with gravel, and raised with a
crown (road center higher) for improved drainage. The `mac' in
`tarmac' is from his name. `Tarmac' was originally a trademark kind of tarmacadam (crushed
stone and gravel with tar binder). Maybe you should visit The World
Famous ASPHALT MUSEUM.
- Charles Macintosh (1766-1843)
- Patented in 1823 a method of waterproofing garments announced by
James Syme (1799-1870), after which Syme regularly gave lectures
on clinical surgery. I don't have all the details on the situation,
but it may have to do with the fact that outside the US, patents
are issued to whoever applies first. Then again, maybe they were
friends. Macintosh developed the method further, and coats so
treated came to be called mac[k]intoshes.
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
- Aw, you already know the story.
But do you know the dénouement? In order to prevent American soldiers (doughboys) from contracting stomach illness from unpasteurized milk, in WWI France, officers warned the troops not to drink the local milk. One soldier who explained his refusal of milk profered by one farmer found that he was speaking to a grandson of Louis Pasteur. (I heard this story very long ago, so it might be beer that the soldier refused. This strikes me as implausible.)
The AEF entry might be of some related interest. Proceeding on an osculating tangent, we note that Walter Matthau served in France during WWII (in a unit commanded by Jimmy Stewart). Matthau had a couple of years of high school French, so he was the interpreter. One day, when they were stationed near Lille, he walked into a place that seemed to be open for business, to buy a meal. [I guess K-rations didn't cut it. K ration is almost an eponym itself.] He was told that they didn't serve food to Americans, but he could buy a beer.
[Observe that René Magritte (1898-1967) was born in Belgium, and Max Ernst (1891-1976) near Cologne. Could we have a surrealist triangle here?]
So Walter bought a beer and a pretty young person approached and asked if he would buy her a beer. Walter asked if she was thirsty. This is the kind of fool persiflage you engage in if you spent too much valuable high school time repeating La plume de ma tante and similar rubbish. When she invited him to sleep with her, he said `perhaps' (``all this in French,'' as Walter pointed out to Jay Leno). I admire the courage of Walter Matthau in revealing such profound imbecility to a national audience. However, as he had failed to note upon entering, this was a brothel, so the pretty person did not take offense.
As a flustered Jay Leno pointed out, the fastidiousness of the establishment in not serving food to American soldiers was puzzling. Perhaps Walter should have taken a third year of high school French.
- Henry Shrapnel (1761-1842)
- English artillery officer; inspector of artillery from 1804.
Invented the shrapnel shell.
During the Great War (WWI), my grandfather (an officer of the Kaiser's army) was strafed while taking a nap. His ration book was tucked in his cap, which he was using for a pillow. After the attack, his ration book was in tatters.
- Éttienne de Silhouette (1709-1767)
- As French Finance Minister in 1759, Silhouette attempted to
stanch the hemorrhage of the royal budget by curtailing the lavish
spending of the court. For his trouble, he got opprobrium and the
boot. By a kind of antonomasia,
his name, associated with parsimony, was given to a kind of
featureless black outline-drawing notable principally for cheapness.
For another person whose name became associated with cheapness, vide Audrey supra. For an earlier French Finance Minister who also contributed to the ultimately (1789) fruitless efforts to stabilize royal finances, see Bullion. It may be their failure that was chiefly responsible for making an eponym of Guillotin.
- Alessandro Volta
- Discovered the electrochemical cell. He's got a regular entry
elsewhere in the glossary, mostly about
coincidental (i.e., noneponymous) occurences of ``Volta.''
Here's some instructional material from Virginia Tech.
A web resource that keeps a list of links to some EPR sites is the EPR/ENDOR Research Group at Northwestern University.
A web resource concerned with spectrum databases is in Bristol.
The NIEHS provides a Spin Trap Database.
log[ brain mass ]
EQ == N * ----------------- ,
log[ body mass ]
where N is chosen so Don't ask which logarithm. It doesn't matter, because
log b
c
log b = -----
a log a
c
for any positive a, b and c.
However, units do matter; so long as the unit you use is always smaller than the smallest brain mass, the EQ is positive and changing units does not change the ordering of EQ values, but magnitudes of EQ differences are essentially meaningless.
Used by Harry J. Jerison: ``Issues in Brain Evolution,'' in R. Dawkins & M. Ridley, eds. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 2, pp. 102-134 (1985).
The Utne reader also calls it E-IQ and offers to compute yours. (No thanks, I just don't feel good about this.)
- as
- just as
- equally [sometimes in a different construction]
Confusion among these may have given rise to the ugly combination that is the head term of this entry.
To take a typical example (do not say this):
* The new politicians are equally as corrupt as the old politicians.
Instead, prefer any of the following:
The new politicians are as corrupt as the old politicians.
The new politicians are just as corrupt as the old politicians.
The new politicians and the old politicians are equally corrupt.
Yes, that's prescriptive. And while you're at it, elide one of the politicians.